What is the difference between "const" and "volatile" in C/C++?
- const keyword is used to define constants whose values cannot be changed during program execution.
- volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable's value might be changed at any time by external factors beyond the program's control.
Explain the difference between "deep copy" and "shallow copy" in Python.
- In Python, a deep copy creates a new object and then, recursively, inserts copies into it of the objects found in the original.
- Shallow copy, on the other hand, constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent possible) inserts references into it to the objects found in the original.
What is method overriding and method overloading in Java?
- Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its superclass.
- Method overloading occurs when a class has two or more methods with the same name but different parameters.
Explain the concept of multithreading.
- Multithreading is the ability of a CPU (Central Processing Unit) to provide multiple threads of execution concurrently, supported by the operating system.
What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programming?
- Procedural programming focuses on the use of procedures or routines, where each procedure performs a specific task.
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on creating reusable objects that contain both data and methods.
What is the purpose of the 'finally' block in Java exception handling?
- The 'finally' block in Java is used to execute important code such as closing a file or releasing resources, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not.
What is the role of a database index?
- A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional space and decreased performance on write operations.
What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that sends packets of data called datagrams without requiring a connection.
What is a foreign key constraint in a relational database?
- A foreign key constraint is a column or set of columns in a relational database table that provides a link between data in two tables. It enforces referential integrity by requiring that the values in the foreign key match the values in the primary key of another table.
Explain the concept of garbage collection in programming languages like Java.
- Garbage collection is the process by which a programming language automatically reclaims memory that is no longer in use by the program. This prevents memory leaks and ensures efficient memory management.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of microservices architecture?
- Advantages: scalability, independent deployment, technology diversity, fault isolation.
- Disadvantages: increased complexity, distributed data management, network latency.
What is the purpose of the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern?
- The MVC design pattern separates an application into three main components: Model (data), View (presentation), and Controller (logic). It promotes code organization and reusability.
Explain the concept of virtual memory.
- Virtual memory is a memory management technique that provides an idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine, which creates the illusion to users of a very large (main) memory.
What is the difference between GET and POST methods in HTTP?
- The GET method sends data as part of the URL, visible to the user. It is used for retrieving data from the server.
- The POST method sends data in the body of the HTTP request, not visible to the user. It is used for submitting data to the server.
What are design patterns? Provide examples.
- Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems encountered in software design. Examples include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy patterns.
What is the purpose of dependency injection?
- Dependency injection is a technique in which an object receives other objects that it depends on (dependencies) as input. It promotes loose coupling and facilitates unit testing.
What are the advantages of using NoSQL databases?
- Advantages include schema flexibility, scalability, and better performance for certain types of applications.
Explain the concept of RESTful APIs.
- RESTful APIs (Representational State Transfer) are APIs that adhere to the principles of REST, which include stateless communication, uniform interface, and resource-based URLs.
What is the purpose of a version control system (VCS)?
- A version control system is a software tool that helps developers manage changes to source code over time. It enables collaboration, tracks changes, and provides version history.
Explain the concept of continuous integration (CI) and continuous deployment (CD).
- Continuous integration is the practice of frequently integrating code changes into a shared repository, followed by automated build and test processes.
- Continuous deployment extends CI by automatically deploying code changes to production environments after passing tests.

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